Async/Await

const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
 
async function fetchUser(id) {
  await sleep(100);
  return { id, name: `user-${id}` };
}
 
const user = await fetchUser(1); // top-level await trong ES module
console.log(user.name);

package main
 
import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)
 
type User struct {
	ID   int
	Name string
}
 
// Không có async/await: hàm cứ block, runtime tự lên lịch goroutine khác.
func fetchUser(id int) User {
	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
	return User{ID: id, Name: fmt.Sprintf("user-%d", id)}
}
 
func main() {
	user := fetchUser(1)
	fmt.Println(user.Name)
}

// Cargo.toml: tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
use std::time::Duration;
use tokio::time::sleep;
 
struct User {
    id: u32,
    name: String,
}
 
async fn fetch_user(id: u32) -> User {
    sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await; // `.await` đứng sau biểu thức
    User { id, name: format!("user-{id}") }
}
 
#[tokio::main] // Rust không kèm runtime async, phải chọn một (tokio)
async fn main() {
    let user = fetch_user(1).await;
    println!("{} {}", user.id, user.name);
}

struct User {
    let id: Int
    let name: String
}
 
func fetchUser(id: Int) async throws -> User {
    try await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(100))
    return User(id: id, name: "user-\(id)")
}
 
@main
struct App {
    static func main() async throws {
        let user = try await fetchUser(id: 1)
        print(user.name)
    }
}

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 
public class Main {
    record User(int id, String name) {}
 
    static CompletableFuture<User> fetchUser(int id) {
        return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            sleep(100);
            return new User(id, "user-" + id);
        });
    }
 
    static void sleep(long ms) {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(ms);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        User user = fetchUser(1).join(); // join() block thread hiện tại, gần giống await
        System.out.println(user.name());
    }
}

const users = await Promise.all([1, 2, 3].map(fetchUser));
console.log(users.length); // 3, tổng thời gian ~100ms

import "sync"
 
ids := []int{1, 2, 3}
users := make([]User, len(ids))
 
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i, id := range ids {
	wg.Add(1)
	go func() { // mỗi goroutine ghi vào một ô riêng, không cần lock
		defer wg.Done()
		users[i] = fetchUser(id)
	}()
}
wg.Wait()
fmt.Println(len(users))

let (a, b, c) = tokio::join!(fetch_user(1), fetch_user(2), fetch_user(3));
println!("{} {} {}", a.name, b.name, c.name);
 
// Danh sách động: futures::future::join_all(ids.into_iter().map(fetch_user)).await

async let a = fetchUser(id: 1)
async let b = fetchUser(id: 2)
async let c = fetchUser(id: 3)
let users = try await [a, b, c]
print(users.count)

import java.util.List;
 
List<CompletableFuture<User>> futures = List.of(1, 2, 3).stream()
        .map(Main::fetchUser)
        .toList();
 
CompletableFuture.allOf(futures.toArray(CompletableFuture[]::new)).join();
List<User> users = futures.stream().map(CompletableFuture::join).toList();
System.out.println(users.size());