Crypto (hashing)

Node.js bundles every hash algorithm behind one common API, createHash(algorithm). Go splits each algorithm into its own package (crypto/sha256, crypto/md5, …), and returns a fixed-size byte array instead of an object — you encode it to hex yourself with encoding/hex. Rust has no hashing in std either, so it uses the sha2 crate, also returning a fixed-size byte array you hex-encode by hand. Swift uses Apple's CryptoKit framework. Java uses the long-standing MessageDigest (picking an algorithm by name string) together with HexFormat (since Java 17) to hex-encode the result.

SHA-256 hashing

import { createHash } from 'node:crypto'
 
const hash = createHash('sha256').update('hello').digest('hex')
 
console.log(hash) // 2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824

package main
 
import (
	"crypto/sha256"
	"encoding/hex"
	"fmt"
)
 
func main() {
	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte("hello")) // returns a [32]byte, not a slice
 
	fmt.Println(hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])) // 2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824
}

// Cargo.toml: sha2 = "0.11"
use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
fn main() {
    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
    hasher.update(b"hello");
    let hash = hasher.finalize(); // a fixed-size 32-byte array, not a Vec
 
    let hex: String = hash.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02x}")).collect();
    println!("{hex}"); // 2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824
}

import CryptoKit
import Foundation
 
let digest = SHA256.hash(data: Data("hello".utf8))
let hex = digest.map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined()
print(hex) // 2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824

import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.util.HexFormat;
 
void main() throws Exception {
    MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
    byte[] hash = digest.digest("hello".getBytes());
 
    IO.println(HexFormat.of().formatHex(hash)); // 2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824
}